Space-weather effects on transionospheric radio wave propagation

Abstract

Space weather affects the distribution of plasma in the ionosphere and piasrnasphere through which radio waves used for communication and navigation propagate. On some occasions, only large-scale ( >10 km) structures in the propagation medium are encountered by the radio waves, while at other times, small-scale variations in ionospheric electron density give rise to scintillations on transionospheric radio waves. Recent studies of both of these situations at equatorial, mid- and high latitudes are reviewed.